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The
District of Safad
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Abil al-Qamh
In 1952, Israel established the settlement of Yuval. The village site is
overgrown with grasses and weeds.
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Al-Abisiyya
One Israeli settlement is on village lands. No trace of the village
remains. The site is covered with grass, shrubs, and a few scattered
trees. The lands around the site are cultivated by the settlement of
Kefar Szold.
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'Akbara
There are no Israeli settlements on village lands.
The original inhabitants of the village were replaced by "internal"
refugees from Qaddita and Dallata, villages several kilometers north of
Safad. Since 1980, however, these refugees have been gradually relocated
to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara. As a precondition of the
relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former
village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in
addition to the school
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'Alma
The settlement of 'Alma was built on village land in 1949. The site is
fenced-in and contains the rubble of former houses, covered with thorny
grasses. The land is planted with fruit trees by Israeli farmers.
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'Ammuqa
The villagers evacuated 'Ammuqa as a result of the
pressure of Jewish shelling, fear of being harmed if captured and fear
of being caught in the crossfire of the fighting armies. Nothing remain
of the village but the rubble of houses; the site is overgrown with
cactuses trees and eucalyptus, fig, and olive trees.
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Arab Al-Shamalina
In the course of Operation Yiftach, designed to
occupy and "cleanse" ester Galilee. 'Arab al-Shamalina was occupied
during this offensive, which was named Operation Matate (Broom) and was
implemented on 4 May 1948. Before the assault, Palmach troops shelled
the area with mortars, villagers fled with the approach of the occupying
force. The village lands are used by the settlement of Almagor
established in 1961. The site is strewn with the rubble of houses.
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Arab al-Zubayd
There are no Israeli settlements on the village land.
All that remain of 'Arab al-Zubayd is scattered rubble, buried under a
ticket of woods, grass, and thorny plants. Irrigation works tap the
village's water resources. Some land in the plain that borders the site
has been converted into an Israeli nature reserve, while the rest is
cultivated by Israeli farmers.
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'Ayn Al-Zaytun
As the villagers later recalled, the bloody events in
the village began on 1 May 1948 at 3:00 A.M. with a barrage of mortar
fire from eleven mortars, followed by a ground assault by two platoons.
When Israeli troops entered the village, the villagers were rounded up.
The men were expelled and enabled to join their families, but
thirty-seven of them, selected at random, were taken captive. After the
prisoners were killed. There are no Israeli settlements on village
lands. The rubble of destroyed stone houses is scattered throughout the
site, which is otherwise overgrown with olive trees and cactuses. In one
of the remaining houses, the smooth stone above the entrance arch is
inscribed with Arabic calligraphy. The well and the village spring also
remain.
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Baysamun
According to an Israeli military intelligence report
in June 1948, the people of Baysamun fled as a direct result of a
Palmach "whispering campaign". Such as in psychological warfare were an
integral part of Operation Yiftach. There are no Israeli settlements on
the village site or on the village lands. No traces of the houses
remain. The site is occupied by warehouses for agricultural implements
used by a near by Kibbutz.
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Biriyya
On 1 May 1948, one Palmach squad captured Biriyya,
while another force took the adjacent village of 'Ayn al-Zaytun, in
preparation for the final assault on Safad, but judging from the
experience of 'Ayn al-Zaytun, the residents were probably forced to
leave, and some may have been killed in the process. Zionists
established a fortified settlement on the lands of the village in 1945
and named it Biriyya. It was taken over on September 1948 by a religious
kibbutz. About fifteen houses remain and are inhabited by the residents
of the settlement of Biriyya; the settlement has been expanded to
include the village site.
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Al-Butayha
Al-Butayha was targeted for occupation during the
Haganah's Operation Matate (Broom), many houses were razed to the ground
Palmach sappers. The village lands are used by the settlement of
Almagor, established in 1961. A picnic area known as Park ha-Yarden is
some 200 m south of the site. Only the black basalt walls of destroyed
houses remain.
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Al-Buwayziyya
Jewish forces captured al-Buwayziyya on 11 May 1948.
Al-Buwayziyya's residents fled when they learned that the neighboring
village of al-Khalisa, had fallen. That village had been evacuated after
the Haganah turned down the villager's request for an "agreement". In
the absence of such an accommodation, both villages presumably
anticipated a direct attack. The villagers probably were also influenced
by the fall of Safad on the same day. There are no Israeli settlements
on village lands. On the site are the remains of destroyed houses, a few
walls and terraces. The flat portion of the surrounding lands are used
by Israeli for agriculture; the more hilly lands serve as pasture.
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Dallata
Israel established the settlement of Dalton in 1950 on village lands. All
that remain are debris of the houses scattered across the site, partly
covered by grass, shrubs, and trees. Part of the land around the village
has been turned into a forest, while others are used as pasture.
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Al-Dawwara
2 Israeli settlements are on village lands. There are
hardly any traces of the village left; only a few building stones at the
edge of a fish pond remain on the site. The entire area has been
converted into a fish hatchery.
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Dayshum
The village was evacuated when news reached it of the
massacres at nearby Safsaf and Jish, committed by soldiers of the
(Seventh) Brigade. The inhabitants probably fled (or were expelled) to
Lebanon. Cactuses and thorns grow on the site. Moshav Dishon exploits
the land around the site for animal grazing and apple cultivation.
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Al-Dirbashiyya
There are no Israeli settlements on village land. The rubble of destroyed
houses is scattered across the village site.
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Al-Dirdara
The settlement of Eyal established in 1947 on village
land, was destroyed during the 1948 war. After the people of al-Dirdara
had been expelled, the Israelis rebuilt the settlement and named it
ha-Goverim. They changed its name to Ashmura, in 1953. It is no longer
inhabited. The site is a mound of stones and earth, overgrown with
trees. The area around the site is cultivated.
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Fara
The village fell into Israeli hands on 30 October
1948, if events followed the same pattern as in other villages in the
area, the inhabitants either were expelled or fled out of fear. They
were likely to have heard of the nearby massacres, after news of the
carnage spread in Upper Galilee, only a few communities remained. There
are no Israeli settlements on village land. One stone building stands on
the site, on the whole. The site is overgrown with grass and fig trees.
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Al-Farradiyya
Al-Farradiyya had a thriving agricultural sector. It
was known for its model, experimental farm. It had an arboretum, and
provided extension services for the farmers from both the Acre and Safad
districts nd gave them advice on poultry production methods and
beekeeping. People from neighboring villages took refuge in
al-Farradiyya in early May, as they fled out of the path of Operation
Yiftach. Many of its residents seem to have remained their homes until
February 1949, when the final assault on the village began. Some
villagers were evicted to village under Israeli control and others
expelled to the Triangle area ( Nablus -Tulkarm -Jinin) on the West
Bank. 2 Israeli settlements are on village lands. The site is deserted.
Some segments of it are wooded and serve as Israeli recreation grounds.
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Fir'im
Fir'im and two other villages were sporadically
mortared on the night of 2 May 1948. There are no Israeli settlements on
village land.
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Ghabbatiyya
Ghabbatiyya was occupied on 30 October 1948. There
are no Israeli settlements on village land. The site is deserted and
covered with grass. The surrounding land is used by Israelis for grazing
and forestry.
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Ghuraba
The villagers of Ghuraba, in fear of an attack by
Zionist forces, feld on 1 May. In 1951, the settlement of Gonen was
established on village land. The stones of ruined houses are strewn
acros the fenced in site.
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Al-Hamra
The entire site is fenced in and serves as an Israeli cow pasture.
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Harrawi
No Israeli settlements have been built on village
lands. No traces of the village are visible. Some of the lands in the
area are wooded while others have been planted by Israelis with fruit
trees.
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Hunin
The settlement of Misgav 'Am was established in 1945
on the northern part of the village lands. Jewish immigrants from Iraq
and Yemen established the settlement of Margaliyyot on village land in
1951. The cemetery, the elementary school, and the castle built by the
Crusaders remain. The castle as a tourist attraction, and the school is
used by Israelis as an agricultural warehouse. The lands in the vicinity
are cultivated by the settlers.
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Al-Husayniyya
Al-Husayniyya fell after facing two fierce attacks by
the Palmach's Third Battalion in March 1948. In the first raid, the
Palmach blew up five houses. On 13 March, party of approximately fifty
raiders blew up twelve houses. On 16-17 March, "more than 30 people
adults were killed". Only piles of stone and sections of walls from
demolished houses remain.
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Jahula
There are no settlements on village lands. The only remains of the
destroyed village are a few stone terraces.
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Al-Ja'una
Despite the occupation of the village, some people
remained in al-Ja'una at least until June 1949, when they were forcibly
evicted, along with the residents of two other villages. The settlement
of Ro'sh Pinna occupies the village site. Many of the houses remain;
some are used by the residents of the settlement; other stone houses
have been abandoned and destroyed.
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Jubb Yusef
The village itself was not attacked until 4 May, at
which time its residents were probably expelled. The settlement of
'Ammi'ad is on village land. All that remains of the village are the
thorn-covered khan and the domed tomb of Shaykh 'Abdallah.
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Kafir Bir'im
Kafir Bir'im surrendered in early November 1948, when
Galilee fell to Israeli forces. Its residents were "temporarily"
expelled for "security reasons". Some of these expelled across the
border were later allowed to return to Israel, but not to their village.
The army levelled the village in 1953. The settlement of Dovev
established in 1963, is northwest of the village site on village land.
The only standing structure is the church and its belltower. The village
site has been closed off and the surrounding area declared an
archaeological and tourist site.
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Al-Khalisa
On 11 May 1948, the Haganah rejected al-Khalisa's
request for an "agreement". Villagers fled from their homes after
hearing news of the fall of Safad and sought refuge in Hunin, the
village militia remained for a few days, until it was heavily shelled.
Eventually, the villagers were displaced to Lebanon. In later weeks, a
few of them decided to return in order to dig up money they had buried
in their land, or to harvest some of their tobacco and grain. They
reported that the Israeli forces had burned and destroyed many of the
houses. The settlement of Qiryat Shemona was established in 1950 on the
village site. Stone rubble from the houses marks the site. The school
and the Mandate government's office buildings stand abandoned, as does
the village mosque and the minaret. The level land surrounding the site
is cultivated by the settlement of Qiryat Shemona.
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Khan al-Duwayr
There are no Israeli settlements on village land. The
site is deserted, overgrown with grass.
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Khirbat Karraza
No information available.
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Al-Khisas
The settlement of ha-Gosherim established in 1948 on village land. Most of
village land is covered with woods and grass. The village land are
cultivated by the settlement of ha-Gosherim.
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Khiayam al-Walid
The settlement of Lahavot ha-Bashan established in
1945 on village land. The site is deserted and overgrown with grass and
thorns. The surrounding land is used by Israeli farmers for grazing.
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Kirad al-Baqqara
According to the armistice agreement signed with
Syria. The agreement included a provision protecting some seven villages
located within the DMZ; nevertheless, between 1949 and 1956 pressure was
applied to "induce" most of the population of these villages to go into
exile in Syria. By 1956, the DMZ's 2,200 inhabitants had been pushed out
by a combination of "economic and police pressure". There are no Israeli
settlements in the village lands. The village site is littered with
rubble, piles of stones, and fragments of houses.
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Kirad al-Ghannama
In July 1949, Israel signed an armistice agreement
according to which Kirad al-Ghannama was to be located within a
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and inhabitants of the area were to be
protected. By 1956, the DMZ's 2,200 inhabitants had been pushed out.
There are no Israeli settlements on village lands. Only the rubble of
the houses remains. The surrounding land is used by Israelis both for
crop cultivation and as pasture.
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Lazzaza
Only a few scattered stones remain on the village
site.
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Madahil
There are no traces of any village structures.
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Al-Malikiyya
A force drawn from four different Israeli brigades,
attacked under cover of the Israeli air force, taking the village in
late October 1948. Villagers fled during this attack. In 1949, the
settlement of Malkiyya was established southeast of the village site, on
village lands. The area is a fenced-in military zone, and the site is
inaccessible.
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Mallaha
There are no Israeli settlements on village land.
The sandy hill on which the village was situated is completely overgrown
with tall grass, cactuses, and weeds. The surrounding land is cultivated
by the settlement of Yesud ha-Ma'ala.
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Al-Manshiyya
Al-Manshiyya, like other villages in Safad District,
succumbed to the campaign of psychological warfare and direct military
assault that was implemented during Operation Yiftach. The village site
is covered with grass and some eucalyptus trees, and no landmarks
remain.
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Al-Mansura
The settlement of Sha'ar Yashuv established in 1940is
located about 1 km northeast of the village site. The village has been
completely obliterated. The site has been converted by Israelis into a
fish hatchery and contains pools for this purpose.
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Mansurat al-Khayt
There are no Israeli settlements on village land. The
site is partly wooded and partly overgrown with grass.
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Marus
There are no Israeli settlements on village land. The site contains some
olive and fig trees as well as stones from ruined homes.
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Mirun
Mirun inhabitants were driven out in two waves: one
shortly after the capture of Safad by the Haganah on 10 May 1948, and
the other at the end of October, after the village itself was occupied.
The settlement of Meron founded in 1949 on village land. Several rooms
and stone walls still stand. Otherwise, the site is covered with grass
and trees and has become part of the settlement. The area is a tourist
attraction.
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Al-Muftakhira
The villagers were dispersed in two waves: on in 1
May and another on 16 Main 1944. Only the stone debris of houses and the
occasional ruined wall attest to the former presence of the village. The
site has been turned into an archaeological center, and the surrounding
lands are cultivated by Israeli farmers.
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Mughr al-Khayt
Palmach units shelled Mughr al-Khayt with mortars
during the night of 2 May 1948. The attack, resulting in the evacuation
of the village along with two others (Fir'im and Qabba'a) similarly
targeted during the same night. The site is overgrown with grass and
cactuses and littered with stone rubble from destroyed houses. Of the
hundreds of olive trees that once grew there, only a few remain. The
mountainous land around the site is mostly wooded or used by Israelis as
pasture.
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Khirbat Al-Muntar
Khirbat Al-Muntar later fell on the periphery of the
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between Syria and Israel after the July 1949
Armistice Agreement. Villagers suffered the same fate as those in
villagers that fell squarely within the DMZ. There are no Israeli
settlements on village land. The site is covered with stone rubble,
grass, thorns, and a few cypress trees.
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Al-Nabi Yusha'
The village was the site of a shrine that was
believed to be the burial grounds of the prophet (nabi) Yusha'. The
people of al-Nabi Yusha', held an annual mawsim, or pilgrimage and
festival. The mawsim was similar to that of al-Nabi Rubin's in al-Ramla
District. The agricultural settlement of Ramot Naftali was established
in 1945 on village lands. The site has been fenced in with barbed wire
and is buried under rubble, making access difficult. However, some
evidence of the village remains: fragments of houses, tombs, and the
shrine of al-Nabi Yusha'.
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Al-Na'ima
al-Na'ima was emptied of its population during
Operation Yiftach. To seize control of the city of Safad. The final
assault on Safad took place on 10-11 May 1948, and with the fall of the
city, the residents of several villages in the district, already
demoralized by psychological warfare and mortar shelling, panicked and
left. Al-Na'ima was one of these villages. Ne'ot Mordekhay was built in
1946 on village land. Apart from a few trees, the site is hardly
recognizable as former location of a village.
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Qabba'a
On 2 May Palmach units sporadically pounded the
village with mortars, "in order that in the end the Arabs would leave",
in the words of an officer in a participating unit. There stone debris
of destroyed houses covers the site.
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Qadas
On the night of 14-15 May, The Palmach's Firest
Battalion advanced on Qadas and the neighboring al-Malikiyya. Qadas fell
by the morning, but that Lebanese units crossed the border later that
day and mounted a large counteroffensive, forcing the Palmach to
withdraw from the village. On 28-29 May, the Israelis implemented an
elaborate ploy to recapture Qadas and al-Malikiyya. Shortly after the
first attack, a neighboring Jewish settlement (Kibbutz Manara) voiced
its designs on the village lands and expressed a desire to seize them,
indicating that they were "suitable for winter crops". The Kibbutz'
which was probably not granted until the time of the second occupation
of Qadas, in October. The settlement of Yiftach was built in 1948 to the
northeast of the village site. The village land is used by the
settlements of Malikiyya founded in 1949, and Ramot Naftali established
in 1945. Stones from the destroyed houses are strewn over the fenced-in
site.
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Qaddita
Qaddita is one of the westernmost village to fall
within the scope of Operation Yiftach, designed in part to render
eastern Galilee "Arab-free". There are no Israeli settlements on village
lands. All that remains are tombs from the cemetery and stone rubble
from the destroyed homes. The nearby settlements have planted forests as
well as fruit trees on some of the surrounding land.
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Qaytiyya
At midnight on 5 June, army trucks encircled the
village land and Israeli troops swept down on it. They rounded up its
residents and dumped them, together with the villagers of al-Ja'una and
al-Khisas, on a bare hillside near 'Akbara, south of Safad. Zionists
founded the settlement of Kefar Blum. Only a few stones from the old
village are still visible.
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Al-Qudayriyya
Haganah forces engaged in the occupation of eastern
Galilee assaulted al-Qudayriyya on 4 May 1948. The attack resulted in
the expulsion of the village's population. The settlement of Kachal was
built in 1980 on village land. The site is overgrown with wild grass and
contains rubble from destroyed houses. A few structure still stand.
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Al-Ras Al-Ahmar
The village was attacked by Israeli forces on 30
October 1948. The residents fled when they heard of the massacres
perpetrated the night before at Safsaf and Jish. When the Brigade units,
which committed a number of atrocities during the operation, reached
al-Ras al-Ahmar, they found it empty of its inhabitants. The villagers
probably went to Lebanon, like most of the population of the northern
Galilee. Some houses still remain. The nearby settlement cultivates some
of the surrounding land and uses the rest for grazing.
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Sabalan
The village surrounded the tomb of one Nabi (prophet)
Sabalan. There are no Israeli settlements on village lands. Only one
village house and a well remain. The house is now occupied by the guard
and caretakers of the shrine of al-Nabi Sabalan. New buildings have been
constructed for visitors to the shrine, which is sacred to the Druze.
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Safsaf
Safsaf was the first village to be occupied during
Operation Hiram. It fell some time before dawn on 29 October 1948, and
was the scene of one of several massacres committed during the
operation. Two platoons of armored cars and a tank company from the
Sheva' {Seventh) Brigade attacked the village. "52 men tied with a rope
and dropped into a well and shot. 10 were killed. 3 cases of rape … A
girl aged 14 was raped. Another 4 were killed. Eyewitnesses, they said
that when the attack began on the village, the militiamen were braced to
defend it but were surprised by a three-pronged assault. One militiaman
said later, "We did not expect to fight them on three fronts". Those
left behind recounted how the Israeli soldiers entered Safsaf around
sunrise and ordered the village to line up a spot in the northern part
of the village. "As we lined up, a few Jewish soldiers ordered four
girls to accompany them to carry water for the soldiers. Instead, they
took them to our empty houses and raped them. About seventy of our men
were blindfolded and shot to death, one after the other, in front of
us". In later days, Israeli troops visited the village, telling the
inhabitants that they should forget what had occurred and could stay in
their homes. But they began to leave under cover of night, until Safsaf
was empty. Israel established the settlement of ha-Shahar, later renamed
Sifsofa, in 1949. A second settlement, Bar Yochay was established in
1979, also in the village lands. The site is overgrown with grass and
scattered trees among which can be seen a few terraces and piles of
stone from destroyed houses. A few houses are inhabited by Israelis. A
fraction of surrounding land is cultivated by the settlements, and the
rest is forested.
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Saliha
Citing Arab military sources in Amman, the united
Press reported that Saliha was occupied by Israeli forces on 18 May.
Because Israeli sources cited by historian Benny Morris state that a
massacre was perpetrated at Saliha on 30 October 1948. Ninety-four
people "were blow up with a house". If any villagers survived the Saliha
massacre, they were probably expelled, along with the residents of most
border villages. The only remaining landmark is a long building with
many high windows. The bulk of surrounding land is planted by Israeli
farmers with apple trees.
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Al-Salihiyya
There are no Israeli settlements on village lands. The village has been
obliterated; no traces of it remains. Residents of the settlement of
Kefar Blum cultivate the surrounding land.
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Al-Sammu'i
Israel established the settlement of Kefar Shammay in 1949 on village
lands, just to the east of the village site. The site is deserted. A few
olive and fig trees grow on the site, and the surrounding land is mostly
used by Israeli farmers for grazing.
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Al-Sanbariyya
Although the date of its occupation is unknown,
al-Sanbariyya was probably taken in May 1948. Later in the summer of
1948, a representative of the Jewish National Fund (JNF) toured the area
and found that several houses were still standing in al-Sanbariyya,
albeit without roofs. (The fact that some houses were roofless implies
that the village was subject to a direct attack.) According to Israeli
historian Benny Morris, the JNF official instructed the secretariat of
the nearby kibbutz of Ma'yan Barukh to destroy the houses immediately.
As an incentive, he told them that this would enable the kibbutz to take
the village's lands, as it would prevent the villagers from returning.
This was agreed to immediately. Later, one member of the kibbutz
complained about the destruction, on military grounds. He argued that in
border areas, "there is a danger that the Arabs will use [the abandoned
villages] for military operations if they get a chance". The settlements
of Ma'yan Barukh and Dafna on land. The uneven land of the site is
covered by grass and trees, including some old olive trees. No sign of
the village remains. The surrounding lands are cultivated by Israeli
farmers.
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Sa'sa'
Two massacres were committed at Sa'sa' by Haganah
forces in 1948: one in mid-February and another at the end of October.
On 15 February, a Palmach force from the third Battalion raided the
village. Battalion commander Moshe Kelman had orders to "blow up twenty
houses and kill the largest possible number of fighters." The attackers
stormed the village during the night, placed explosive charges in a
number of houses and activated the detonators. The result was that ten
houses were wholly or partially destroyed and "tens" of people were
killed. 11 villagers were killed (5 of them small children) and 3
wounded, that 3 houses were completely demolished, and that 11 others
were badly damaged. The second massacre was perpetrated on 30 October,
at the time that the village was occupied, acts of "mass murder" were
committed in the village. Villagers interviewed said that some of them
had fled on the morning before its occupation after seeing an Israeli
plane circling and bombing Safsaf and Jish and hearing the sound of
gunfire all night. Yet others apparently fled on hearing of the
atrocities committed at Safsaf. The settlement of Sasa established in
1949, lies on the village site. Some of the old olive trees remain, and
a number of walls and houses still stand used by the settlement.
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Al-Shawka Al-Tahta
Israeli sources report that the villagers of
al-Shawka al-Tahta feared a Zionist attack and fled on 14 May 1948; the
district capital, Safad, had been captured a few days earlier, which
would have contributed to the villagers' panic. Two Zionist settlements
are very close to the village site. Nothing remains of al-Shawka
al-Tahta. The surrounding lands are used by Israelis both for farming
and as pasture.
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Al-Shuna
There are no Israeli settlements on village lands.
The hill on which the village was built is now fenced in and contains
crumbled stone walls from the destroyed houses. The surrounding lands
have been converted into a wildlife sanctuary, the Nachel 'Amud Reserve,
which is also used by Israelis for animal grazing and as a recreational
area.
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Taytaba
The earliest reported incidents at the village took
place in February 1948. There are no Israeli settlements on village
lands. The village site contains the stone rubble of razed houses.
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Tulayl
Its inhabitants abandoned it in late April 1948. Most
nearby villages were depopulated as a result of either bombardment by
mortars or a psychological warfare campaign designed to instill fear of
an imminent attack, or by both. These measures were adopted partly in
preparation for the capture of Safad, and partly to achieve the
depopulation of eastern Galilee. The village site is thickly covered
with grass and other vegetation. The surrounding land is now cultivated
by the settlement of Chulata.
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Al-'Ulmaniyya
Villagers evacuated their village on 20 April. This
is said to have occurred either in response to a direct attack or to the
threat of an attack. There are no Israeli settlements on village lands.
The site is thickly wooded with eucalyptus trees, making it difficult to
discern any remains of the village. Some of the surrounding lands are
cultivated, but most have either been made part of the preservation area
or are marshland.
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Al-'Urayfiyya
There are no Israeli settlements on village land. The
site is deserted and overgrown with grass, thorns, a variety of trees,
and cactuses.
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Al-Wayziyya
The capture of al-Wayziyya occurred in April or May
1948. There are no Israeli settlements on village lands. The shrine of
Shaykh al-Wayzi is the only remaining land-mark.
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Yarda
Yarda fell on the periphery of the Demilitarized Zone
between Syria and Israel after the July 1949 Armistice Agreement. If
Yarda remained inhabited at the end of Operation Yiftach, it is likely
that the villagers suffered the same fate as those in villages that fell
squarely within the DMZ. The lands of Yarda were taken over by the
Zionist settlement of Ayyelet ha-Shahar in 1948. In 1949 the settlement
of Mishmar ha-Yarden was built on village land. The truncated walls of
some houses still stand.
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Al-Zahiriyya Al-Tahta
The village fell shortly after the capture of Safad,
the district capital, on 10 May 1948. The residents fled out of fear of
an impending Jewish attack. Some villagers recalled that on 1 May, after
the attack on 'Ayn al-Zaytun, the old men women, and children of
al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta were evacuated to the area of 'Ayn al-Wuhush, just
south of the village. Some villagers tried to return to retrieve their
belongings, and a few of them were killed by mines planted by the
Haganah. The site has been engulfed by the southern neighborhoods of the
now wholly Jewish town of Safad that were built after 1948. The entire
topography of the place has been altered, as Safad's expansion has taken
over the site. The cemetery is visible, though dilapidated.
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Al-Zanghariyya
Operation Matate (Broom) was a Haganah offensive
launched on 4 May 1948 in the course of Operation Yiftach. The orders
given to Palmach company commanders before the sub-operation stated
specifically that the villages of al-Zanghariyya, al-Tabigha, and 'Arab
al-Shamalina should be attacked, "their inhabitants expelled and the
[ir] houses blown up. As the Palmach columns approached these villagers,
the residents fled eastwards into Syria; the following day, sappers
methodically blew up over fifty houses in al-Zanghariyya and the other
villages. That al-Zanghariyya was occupied on 4 May. Israel established
the settlement of Elifelet on village lands west of the village site, in
1949. All that is left are blocks of basalt that once had been parts of
twelve houses.
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Al-Zawiya
The village had been emptied of its residents by 24
May, as a result of a direct military assault on the village. The
settlement of Ne'ot Mordekhay was established in 1949, just 1 km north
of the village site. No landmarks, rubble, or other signs of al-Zawiya
remain. The site has become part of the settlement's agricultural lands,
and is now covered by cotton fields.
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Al-Zuq Al-Fawqani
There are no Israeli settlements entirely on village
land, although Yuval, established in 1952, is located very close by to
the northeast. The stones of destroyed homes are strewn across the site.
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Al-Zuq Al-Tahtani
Zionist established the settlement of Beyt Hillel south of the village
in 1940. Only one house remains; it is made of stone and serves as an
office for an airstrip.
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